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STATE OF WASHINGTON 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 

Bureau of Statistics and Immigration 

I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State 

Ex-Officio Commissioner 



The Logged -Off Lands 



OF 



Western Washington 



REVISED EDITION) 



By H. F. GILES 

Deputy Commissioner 




4 

OLYMPIA. 
FRANK M. LAMBOBN e^f^D PUBLIC PRINTER 
1915 



STATE OF WASHINGTON 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 



Bureau of Statistics and Immigration 



I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State 

Ex-Officio Commissioner 



The Lodged -Off Lands 



OF 



Western Washington 



REVISED EDITION) 



By H. F. GILES 

Deputy Commissioner 




OLYMPIA. 
FRANK M. LAMBORN a^Hg^D PUBLIC PRINTER 

1915 






LETTER OF TRANSMISSAL. 



Office of the 
Bureau of Statistics and Immigration. 
Oeympia, November 16, 1914. 
Hon. I. M. Howell, Ex-officio Commissioner. 

Sir : Pursuant to your instructions, I have prepared and 
have the honor to transmit herewith a revised report dealing with 
the logged-off lands of the western half of this state, with a 
recommendation that an edition of 5,000 copies of same be pub- 
lished for general distribution in connection with the work of 
this department. 

Respectfully, 

H. F. Giles, 

Deputy Commissioner. 

Approved for publication, April 1, 1915. 
I. M. Howell, 

Eoc-Officio Commissioner. 

Do Of D. 

APR 24 1916 






TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 
Foreword 5 

Introduction 7-16 

Characteristics of region 7 

Climate of Western Washington 9 

Agriculture a leading industry 11 

Transportation , 11 

Power development 11 

Urban development 12 

Educational advantages 13 

Scenery and hunting 13 

Methods of clearing land 13 

Climatological table 16 

County groups 17-37 

Whatcom, Skagit, San Juan, and Island 17-21 

Snohomish, King and Pierce 21-24 

Clallam, Jefferson and Kitsap 25-29 

Chehalis, Mason, Thurston, Pacific and Lewis 30-33 

Wahkiakum, Cowlitz, Clarke, Skamania and Klickitat 34-37 

Individual crop reports by the farmers 38-50 

Individual experiences in land clearing, marketing produce, etc. . .50-55 

County assessors' estimates 56-57 

Concluding statements 59-60 

Table of livestock in Western Washington , 61-62 

Incorporated towns and population 63-64 

Secretaries of commercial organizations 63-64 

Map of State of Washington 



FOREWORD. 

This publication has been prepared and revised to meet 

the insistent demands of the outside inquirers for information 

regarding the possibilities of the stump lands of Western 

Washington. It is hoped to soon cover the eastern half of the 

state with a revision of the pamphlet entitled "The Irrigated 

Lands of the State of Washington," which met with such favor 

when published before. Two comprehensive pamphlets dealing 

with the entire state are already in circulation, one "The 

Homeseekers' Guide to the State of Washington," and the other 

"The Beauties of the State of Washington." The first of these 

describes each county and municipality in detail, but without 

pictures, and is intended to assist the prospective immigrant 

in properly locating himself in Washington. The other is 

highly illustrated, dwells largely on the scenic attractions, and 

is intended principally for tourists. Either of these will be 

mailed free, upon application to this Bureau. 

The prospective settler will do well to refer to the list of 
commercial organizations published on pages 63 and 64, and 
communicate with those located in that part of the state which 
interests him most. The secretary of each of these bodies will 
gladly send further information concerning his own region. 

Due thanks is extended to all persons or organizations that 
rendered any assistance in the preparation of this work. 




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INTRODUCTION 



With the exception of certain parcels of prairie and river 
bottom land inconsiderable in extent, almost the entire land area 
of western Washington was once covered with a dense timber 
growth. The more important varieties of forest trees repre- 
sented, include the yellow fir, cedar, spruce and hemlock. 

Since the days of its early settlement, lumbering and sub- 
sidiary enterprises have constituted the leading industry of the 
section, and at present Washington outranks all other states in 
the Union in the value of its annual output of lumber and lumber 
products. 

The operations of the loggers began at tide water where the 
giant tree trunks could readily be assembled in rafts and towed 
to the mills. With the growth of the industry, the interior 
country was penetrated, particularly along the courses of the 
larger streams, upon which the logs could be floated in their 
journey to market. Later on, the railroads came, and in addi- 
tion to the service supplied by the great trans-continental sys- 
tems, numerous logging railroads have been constructed for 
the purpose of developing the more distant timbered areas. 

Left in the wake of the timberman are tens of thousands of 
acres of "logged-off" or cut over lands, which are now in process 
of being converted into farms, pastures and orchards. 

It is the purpose of this report to consider the agricultural 
advantages offered by these lands from the standpoint of re- 
sults already accomplished, and to place in the hands of inter- 
ested homeseekers such additional information as will be of 
service to them in their quest for a location. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION. 

The chief physical features of the district under considera- 
tion include the Olympic mountains, the Puget Sound basin, the 
Cascade mountains, a portion of the Columbia river, and the 



8 Logged-Off Lands 



two indentations of the ocean, known respectively as Grays and 
Willapa harbors. 

The Olympic mountains constitute the coast range and pre- 
sent a rough, rugged series of peaks that have proven at once 
the glory and despair of many an ambitious mountain climber. 
These mountains extend in a general north and south line a 
distance of more than one hundred miles, from near the Straits 
of Juan de Fuca, until they are bisected by the valley of the 
Chehalis river. 

Roughly paralleling the Olympics, some 120 miles to the 
eastward, lies the Cascade range, the great natural wall separat- 
ing western from eastern Washington. Numerous mountain 
streams, finding their sources in the summits of the Cascades, 
present remarkable opportunities for power development, as 
yet only partially utilized. The timber and mineral wealth of 
these mountains and their foothills are also important agencies 
that are contributing largely to the general prosperity of the 
district. 

Between the two mountain ranges, above described, is located 
the great inland sea known as Puget Sound. The shore line of 
this magnificent body of water is more than 2,000 miles in ex- 
tent, and on its borders are located Seattle, the metropolis 
of the state, Tacoma, Everett, Bellingham, Olympia, Port 
Townsend, and other growing communities. Ships of all nations 
load and discharge their cargoes at the various Puget Sound 
ports, and the annual volume of foreign trade registered by the 
federal customs authorities at Seattle is in excess of $50,000,- 
000.00 

Willapa and Grays harbors are located on the ocean side of 
the state and each is developing several important and rapidly 
expanding shipping and industrial centers, chief of which are 
Aberdeen, Hoquiam, South Bend and Raymond. 

The Columbia river constitutes about one-third of the south- 
ern boundary of the state. It is open to the commerce of the 
world at its mouth, and steamers of light draft ply its waters 
for hundreds of miles in its course through the state. 



Western Washington 9 



The Panama canal now completed will have an important 
bearing upon the development of the commercial interests of 
both the country tributary to the Columbia river and the sea- 
ports of the state. The probable decrease in freight rates from 
the Atlantic coast to the distributing centers of Washington 
will tend to broaden the trade influence of this whole state and 
contribute largely to the growth of all its great manufacturing 
and agricultural industries. 

CLIMATE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON. 

In speaking of the climate of the district under consideration, 
special reference is made to the valleys and lower uplands. 
There is such a wide variety of altitude in western Washington, 
that almost every kind of climate is represented in some section. 
The highly developed districts of this portion of the state, how- 
ever, are confined largely to the shore line of the salt water and 
to the lands of the river valleys, and speaking with special refer- 
ence to these more thickly inhabited portions of the district, it 
may be said that the climate is uniform and equable. There 
are no extremes either of heat or cold. The characteristic 
feature of the winter climate is a heavy rainfall which continues 
for a period of several months. The summer climate is delight- 
ful ; the days being for the most part warm and sunny, and the 
nights having invariably a pleasing coolness. By reason of its 
desirable summer climate, western Washington is rapidly at- 
taining a national reputation as a great summer playground. 
The unusually heavy rainfall makes irrigation unnecessary, and 
nearly all crops mature successfully without the aid of an arti- 
ficial water supply. 




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Western Washington 11 

AGRICULTURE A LEADING INDUSTRY. 

Conditions of soil and climate in western Washington have 
conspired to make agriculture one of the leading and most im- 
portant industries in which the citizens engage. The abundant 
rainfall mentioned in the foregoing discussion of the climate, 
suggests the adaptability of the district to the dairying indus- 
try. Washington is known from its great timber growth as 
the "Evergreen State," and western Washington may easily 
claim the same title by reason of its evergreen pastures. In 
recent years the dairying industry has attained enormous pro- 
portions, and dairymen have been encouraged by the establish- 
ment of several large milk condensing factories which absorb all 
their surplus products at very favorable prices. It follows 
naturally that hay is a leading crop, and with this may be in- 
cluded potatoes and all ether root crops, small and tree fruits, 
and some grain. On the delta lands at the river mouths, oats 
and a soft wheat, suitable for feed, are produced in enormous 
quantities. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

Western Washington being the site of several seaport cities 
is equally well provided with transportation both by rail and 
water. The Northern Pacific, Great Northern and Milwaukee 
systems, Canadian Pacific and the Oregon & Washington Rail- 
road & Navigation Co. all have terminal facilities in the cities 
of Puget Sound, and from these same cities steamship lines pro- 
vide transportation to Alaska, California and. to the Orient. 
Huge freighters also sail regularly to and from the great marts 
of Europe. 

POWER DEVELOPMENT. 

Numerous mountain streams, flowing into Puget Sound and 
into the ocean inlets, provide an inexhaustible supply of water 
power which may be readily converted into electric energy. 
The opportunities thus offered have already been seized in many 
places and there is scarcely a village so small that it is not pro- 
vided with electric light and power. This same service is rapidly 
being extended to the rural sections and many of the farms are 
equipped with up-to-date machinery operated by electricity. 



12 Logged-off Lands 



URBAN DEVELOPMENT. 

The astonishing growth of the cities of western Washington 
during' the past decade, as indicated by the recent census re- 
turns, show something of the market facilities afforded to 
farmers locating in this section. 

The growth of some of the more important of these cities 
during the period mentioned is shown by the following table : 

Estimated 

Population Population Population. 

City. 1900. 1910. 1914. 

Aberdeen 3,747 13,660 18,220 

Anacortes 1,476 4,168 5,500 

Bellingham 11,062 24,298 29,937 

Centralia 1,600 7,311 10,000 

Chehalis 1,775 4,507 5,600 

Everett 7,838 24,814 32,048 

Hoquiam 2,608 8,171 10,540 

Olympia 3,863 6,996 10,000 

Port Townsend 3,443 4,181 5,000 

Puyallup 1,884 4,544 6,000 

Raymond 84 2,450 5,500 

Seattle 80,671 237,194 313,029 

Snohomish 2,101 3,244 5,000 

South Bend " 711 3,023 4,500 

Tacoma 37,714 83,743 103,418 

Vancouver . 3,126 9,300 11,930 

By reason of this great centralization of population, the 
problem of providing food stuffs for the cities of western Wash- 
ington has been forced sharply into prominence. To supply 
food for one-half million city dwellers is a staggering task, and 
when it is understood that a very large proportion, perhaps 
more than one-half of the food consumed in the cities above 
mentioned is brought in by rail and steamers from other states, 
an idea may be formed of the opportunity that awaits the in- 
dustrious and thrifty farmer. In some of the cities, public 
markets are maintained where the producer meets the consumer 
direct and sells his product without reference to any middle 
agent. In this way the farmer secures a fair price for what 
he grows, and the buyer is given the advantage of purchasing 
fresh products direct from the grower at reasonable rates. 



Western Washington 13 



EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. 

The foundation for the public school system in the State of 
Washington has been laid on broad and intelligent lines. The 
state received upon admission to the Union an endowment of 
lands which in time will bring into the public treasury an amount 
not less than fifty millions of dollars. This money constitutes 
a permanent and irreducible fund, no part of the principal of 
which can be expended for any purpose. 

As the lands are sold, the returns are invested in interest- 
bearing securities, and this revenue, which is constantly in- 
creasing, will in time contribute a very large proportion of the 
annual expenditures for public school purposes. At the present 
time only about one-tenth of these lands have been disposed of, 
and for school purposes an annual tax is levied in the different 
districts which, together with the revenue from the above men- 
tioned source, provides a total sum of $10.00 for each pupil in 
attendance at the public schools. Educational experts, who 
have investigated the school system of this state, are unanimous 
in the verdict that no state offers better or more complete facili- 
ties for the education of its children. 

SCENERY AND HUNTING. 

To its other advantages, western Washington adds the at- 
tractive feature of grand and awe-inspiring scenery. The whole 
section offers an ever-changing view of snow-clad mountains, 
evergreen hills and mountain streams, and the arms of the ocean, 
which reach into the interior, are studded and gemmed with 
hundreds of beautiful islands and with scores of land-locked 
bays and harbors. 

The woods and mountain slopes afford all manner of sport 
for hunters, while the waters of the mountain streams and the 
salt water inlets abound with all kinds of fish. 

METHODS OF CLEARING LAND. 

As the lands of western Washington come from the hands of 
the loggers, they present a forbidding and difficult problem. 
Many of the giant fir and cedar stumps attain a diameter in 
excess of ten feet, and the task of removing them would appear 




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Western Washington 15 

at first sight almost hopeless. Modern science and genius have 
been successfully brought to bear upon the problem, however, 
and it is now merely a question of the investment of so much 
money to clear up and place under cultivation any given area 
of land. Several methods are followed in doing this work. 
Originally the settler attacked the stump with axe and mattock 
and by dint of keeping everlastingly at it succeeded in clearing a 
space sufficient for the family garden. 

As the importance of the problem was realized, other methods 
were devised and authorities differ as to which of these methods 
is the most economical and practical, although every one of 
them claims its list of ardent supporters. A great many favor 
the use of giant powder with which the stump is blown from 
place, the fragments being collected and burned. The donkey 
engine and stump puller are also in common use, and both have 
proven effective in clearing up the land. More recently what is 
known as the "Char Pit System" has come into use, and under 
certain conditions has proven exceptionally satisfactory. This 
method was brought into prominence by Prof. H. W. Sparks, 
superintendent of the Department of Farm Demonstration of 
the Washington State College. In applying this method, the 
bark is first removed from the stump and a ring of kindling 
some six or eight inches thick is then formed around the stump ; 
the kindling is covered with sod and lumps of clay, with the 
exception of a small opening where the fire is applied. When 
the entire circle of kindling is ignited, the opening is likewise 
closed over with sods and the fire is thus driven into the heart 
of the stump. When properly prepared, such a fire will burn 
completely through the stump, and if given some further at- 
tention, will follow the roots of the tree into the ground and 
burn them entirely out — thus leaving the land ready for the 
plow. 

The state college authorities at Pullman have experimented 
and compiled data upon all of these various methods of land 
clearing, and upon application to that institution, full descrip- 
tions of the different methods will be given together with the 
cost of each. 



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NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES 



The northwesterly portion of the State of Washington con- 
sists of four counties ; Whatcom and Skagit, two of the largest 
counties in the state ; and San Juan and Island, two of the 
smallest. These four counties, comprising an area of about 
4,242 square miles, possess a population of 92,678 people and 
an aggregate total value of all taxable property of $130,886,- 
251.00. 

In point of resources, climate, rainfall, soil, occupation, mar- 
kets, etc., these several counties approach a degree of great 
similarity ; while the common interests, due partly to location, 
tend to unite the people still more in their efforts to develop the 
wonderful resources that as yet have been scarcely touched. 

PHYSICAL FEATURES. 

The northern line of Whatcom county forms the bound- 
ary line between the United States and Canada, while its 
southern line separates it from Skagit county. These two coun- 
ties are about the same in width, length and area, although 
Whatcom has a much greater population. Both have for the 
western boundary the beautiful waters of the Gulf of Georgia 
and the San Juan archipelago ; while their eastern limits extend 
well into the Cascade mountains, which form a kind of backbone 
to the entire state. Skagit is particularly fortunate in possess- 
ing the largest and longest river in western Washington. This 
river, named for the county through which it flows, drains a 
country extending from the western slope of the Cascade range 
clear to the sound and containing thousands of acres of logged- 
off lands close to well developed farms that are famous for their 
wonderful productiveness. Whatcom county posessses several 
smaller streams, the largest of which is the Nooksack, flowing 
through quite an expanse of logged-off area. 

Lying to the west and southwest of the above mentioned 
counties, well out in the straits and extending southward into 
Puget Sound, are many islands, large and small, known as the 







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Western Washington 19 

San Juan archipelago, part of which belong to Skagit and What- 
com counties but by far the greater number of them forming the 
counties of Island and San Juan. Mountain, valley, stream, and 
inlet combine with soil and climate to make this region one of 
the most enchanting in the world and it will no doubt increase 
in fame as its beauties become better known. The largest islands 
are San Juan, Orcas and Lopez in San Juan county, and Whid- 
by and Camano in Island. 

RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 

The main resources of this region consist of its vast beds of 
minerals, great forests of timber, innumerable shoals of fish, 
stone and lime quarries, and wonderfully rich soil ; offering to 
the settler, besides the splendid agricultural advantages, rare 
opportunities to engage in various kinds of manufacturing, 
lumbering, stock raising, dairying, poultry raising, mining, and 
dozens of other minor occupations. In Skagit county is found 
one of the largest Portland cement factories in the world, which 
gets its supply of lime from the San Juan islands, where an in- 
exhaustible store of this is found. 

LOGGED-OFF LANDS. 

While most of the land in Island county has been logged off, 
there still remains in the other counties vast areas of standing; 
timber, made up chiefly of fir, cedar, spruce, larch and hemlock. 
Many mills established in various parts are rapidly clearing 
these lands of their most marketable timber, leaving them in 
the so-called logged-off condition. Much of this land is as good 
as the very best in the world and can be purchased at nominal 
prices, often as low as $15 per acre. Once put into shape for 
the plow they will spring into values ranging from $100 to 
$200 per acre, according to location and character of soil. 
Upon these lands, which are within reasonable distance of good 
markets and with excellent transportation facilities, can be 
raised splendid crops that include nearly all varieties of garden 
and farm products known to the temperate zone, chief of which 
are hay, potatoes, oats and fruits. The fruits include apples, 



20 Logged-Off Lands 



pears, prunes, and all kinds of berries, which are in their element 
here, while some of the lands in the LaConner flats have been 
known to produce as high as 173 bushels of oats to the acre. 
In fact all vegetation in this section is very luxuriant. 

Other products that are rapidly becoming important are 
rye, wheat, grapes, nuts, honey, flax, and bulbs ; the United 
States government at the present time maintaining near the city 
of Bellingham an experiment bulb farm, the present success of 
which points to this region as an ideal place for the further and 
more profitable development of this industry. 

Too much stress cannot be laid on the poultry and dairying 
through this section and in every county. Cows and chickens 
do not mind stumps, but seem to enjoy all the more the juicy 
grass growing within the shade of these landmarks. For the 
man taking up a farm of logged-off land this industry answers 
the question of what he shall do for a living while he is clearing 
the land for agriculture. Even after he has the land totally 
cleared he will still be lured into the pleasant occupation of 
caring for his cows and chickens, especially when he considers 
the natural adaptability of all western Washington for these 
industries and the splendid prices he gets for all that can be 
produced. Fortunes have been made this way. 

MARKETS AND TRANSPORTATION. 

The next thing that interests the outside inquirer, after the 
agricultural possibilities, pertains to the marketing facilities. 
One has only to look at the map and see how these large counties 
are well traversed by railroads, including the Great Northern, 
Northern Pacific, Bellingham & Northern, Pacific Northwest 
Traction, as well as many spurs and logging roads. These roads 
bring the smaller towns in easy reach of the larger ones, such as 
Bellingham, Blaine and Sumas in Whatcom county, and Ana- 
cortes, Mt. Vernon, Sedro Woolley and Burlington in Skagit 
county ; besides making it possible to reach the other great ship- 
ping centers to the south, as Everett, Seattle and Tacoma. 
Good wagon roads traverse all parts, and both county and state 



Western Washington 21 

are constantly endeavoring to build more and to improve those 
already in existence. 

Upon the islands the largest towns are Friday Harbor, the 
county seat of San Juan county ; and Coupeville, the county 
seat of Island county. Many steamers plying in all directions 
connect these towns, as well as the other smaller ports on the 
islands, with the various markets on the mainland, so that the 
lack of railroads is scarcely noticed ; as any day the products 
of one locality can be shipped to another, either on the islands or 
on the mainland. As for Whidby island it is quite probable that 
it will very shortly be connected by means of a bridge built over 
Deception pass to Fidalgo island, which is already connected by 
rail with the mainland of Skagit county. 

There is no doubt that the most particular of mankind 
will find in this region possessing a mild, equable climate, in- 
spiring scenery and enchanting waters, suitable opportunity 
for the complete enjoyment of life in its many phases. 



SNOHOMISH, KING AND PIERCE 
COUNTIES 



The counties of Snohomish, King and Pierce, front on the 
eastern shores of Puget Sound and comprise within their com- 
bined areas one of the most thickly settled and highly developed 
sections of the state. The rugged summits of the Cascade 
mountains constitute their eastern borders. Between the moun- 
tain tops and tidewater, there is found a wide variety of soil 
and climatic conditions, affording the homeseeker a correspond- 
ing range of choice in the matter of selecting a location. 

This district is well watered by rivers and mountain streams, 
including the Stillaguamish, Skykomish, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, 
Cedar, White, Duwamish, Puyallup and Nisqually rivers. The 
alluvial valley lands of all these streams are dotted with well kept 
farms, orchards, truck gardens, and pastures, and the uplands, 
where the timber has been removed, are also rapidly being 
brought to a state of productive cultivation. 




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Western Washington 23 



AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY. 

Dairying is a leading industry and has proven to be the 
avenue to success for hundreds of prosperous farmers. There 
are about 40,000 milch cows in the three counties, constituting 
about one-fourth of the total number in the state. Several 
large milk condenseries can the product not otherwise disposed 
of. 

The more fertile bottom lands are given over quite largely 
to truck gardens, the growers finding a ready market in the cities 
for all they can raise. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, 
loganberries and other small fruits give exceptional results and 
all of them are sure and profitable. 

Of late years, many orchards of apples, pears, plums and 
cherries have been developed and horticulture has become an 
established and profitable pursuit. 

SOILS. 

The soil of the river bottom lands is made up largely of al- 
luvial deposits and in many places is of extraordinary fertility 
and productiveness. 

That of the uplands is of glacial origin, and occurs in 
varying depths and of different degrees of fertility. Speaking 
of the rolling hills and ridges of this section, the report of the 
United States Soil Survey, 1910, says in part : 

"The soil, to an average depth of 10 to 15 inches, consists of 
a light-brown to reddish-brown sandy loam, containing a large 
number of small, rounded iron concretions, which weather rapidly 
on being exposed on the surface, often becoming soft enough to 
crush between the fingers. The presence of these small concre- 
tions has given the soil the local name of "shot clay." The soil 
also contains a large amount of rounded gravel varying in size 
from coarse sand particles to pieces 4 and 5 inches in diameter. 
The gravel content of the soil is always large, but there is not a 
sufficient quantity to cause the soil to be classed as a gravelly 
loam, but rather as a sandy loam containing enough gravel to 
influence its texture to a considerable extent. 

"The subsoil consists of a mass of rounded glacial gravel em- 
bedded in a medium to coarse gray sandy loam. The texture of 
the subsoil frequently varies considerably over very limited areas 
owing to the heterogeneous character of the deposits. Gravel, 



24 Logged-Off Lands 



coarse sand, fine sand, or silt, often occur in more or less exten- 
sive beds or pockets or in layers varying from 1 to 5 feet in 
thickness, and sometimes the subsoil has the appearance of being 
stratified. Where the topography is rolling or gently rolling, 
and where small areas are cultivated very intensively, profitable 
yields of potatoes, fruits, and strawberries and other small fruits 
are secured. Where very intensive methods of cultivation are 
practiced this soil has produced large yields of strawberries, and 
on Vashon island it is considered well adapted to the growing of 
this crop. Only a very limited area of this soil is under cultiva- 
tion, the greater proportion being still in the logged-off state, 
while larger areas are still covered by the original forest 
growth." 

POPULATION AND CITIES. 

The total population of the three counties under discussion, 
according to recent estimates of the U. S. Census Bureau, is 
574,962, of which 448,495 are found in the cities of Seattle, 
Tacoma and Everett. 

This large urban population is engaged in a great variety of 
industrial and commercial pursuits, and they readily consume the 
products of the agricultural districts. The local farmers, how- 
ever, are unable to meet the demand, and in consequence, the 
market requirements are met in large part by enormous im- 
portations of vegetables, fruits, eggs, poultry, dressed meats 
and dairy products. 

Well developed systems of highways traverse the district in 
all directions, and in addition to the great transcontinental 
railroads which center in the cities, electric lines reach out into 
the farming sections, affording the very best of transportation 
facilities. 

UNDEVELOPED LANDS. 

Notwithstanding the favorable conditions just noted, there 
are vast areas of undeveloped lands in each of the three coun- 
ties, awaiting the coming of industrious men who can appre- 
ciate the opportunities presented. On ten acres of well se- 
lected land a family is sure of a comfortable living, while those 
desiring to farm on a large scale, will find every advantage for 
gaining a substantial competence. 



Western Washington %5 



CLALLAM, JEFFERSON AND KITSAP 

COUNTIES 



Clallam and Jefferson counties occupy the north half of what 
is known as the Olympic peninsula. Both of these counties have 
an extensive frontage on the Pacific ocean. The northern 
border of Clallam county is formed by the south shore of the 
Straits of Juan de Fuca. 

Kitsap county lies to the east of Jefferson, being separated 
from it by a long inlet known as Hood's canal. The county is 
rather triangular in shape ; its eastern border fronting on 
Puget Sound and lying directly west from Seattle and King 
county. These three counties are as yet only partially settled, 
and in their undeveloped condition offer exceptional opportuni- 
ties to the homeseeker. 

INDUSTRIES. 

For many years lumbering has been the chief industry of all 
three counties. This district contains one of the largest and 
most compact bodies of standing timber available in the entire 
country ; this being particularly true of Jefferson and Clallam 
counties. 

Kitsap county was the scene of the earliest logging and lum- 
bering operations in the state, and much of its best timber has 
been already exploited. Some of its lumber mills, however, are 
among the largest in operation anywhere in the country. 

Clallam and Jefferson counties have developed the dairying 
industry to an important degree, the logged-off lands being rap- 
idly seeded to pasture as the operations of the lumbermen have 
made them available. In the valley of the Dungeness river in 
Clallam county, there is at present one of the most highly pro- 
ductive agricultural sections in the state. This particular dis- 
trict was settled years ago, and along the valley for miles there 
is one continuous succession of beautiful farms in a high state 
of cultivation and indicating something of the possibilities pre- 
sented in other portions of this district. 



26 Logged-Off Lands 



Kitsap county being favorably located with reference to Seat- 
tle markets, has developed an important gardening and fruit 
growing industry and with this is coupled poultry raising in 
which a great many of the farmers are engaged. 

The soil of these three counties is particularly well adapted 
to the growing of hay, grains and vegetables, mangles and 
other root crops suitable for feeding purposes ; and where the 
conditions are favorable, the yields of such crops are enormous. 
In many places the logged-off lands are cleared of the under- 
growth and down timber left by the loggers, and seeded to grass 
without removing the stumps. In this way excellent pasturage 
is secured at a nominal expense, and the farmers thus having a 
means of living provided are enabled to take their own time in 
completing the clearing of their lands. Small fruits, including 
all kinds of berries, are raised here in abundance and find a 
ready market in the nearby cities. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

With the exception of a few miles of railroad extending south 
from Port Townsend to Quilcene in Jefferson county and the re- 
cently constructed portion of the Seattle, Port Angeles & Lake 
Crescent, a portion of the Milwaukee Railway System in Clal- 
lam county, there are no railroad lines in operation in these 
counties. The great store of undeveloped timber that still re- 
mains in them, however, has attracted the attention of all the 
great transcontinental lines now having terminals in the large 
cities on Puget Sound. 

Surveys have been run through the district, and it is a mat- 
ter of only a short time until an era of tremendous railroad build- 
ing activity will be inaugurated throughout this section. Pend- 
ing the completion of this work of railroad construction, which 
has already been started, there are splendid opportunities offered 
for securing good lands at exceptionally reasonable prices which 
will greatly enhance in value. 

For the present, the district is dependent largely upon 
steamers for its transportation facilities. Regular lines of 



Western Washington 27 

boats reach the various ports in the three counties, and afford 
cheap and quick means of communication with all the Sound 
cities. At Bremerton, a growing and prosperous city in Kitsap 
county, is located the United States navy yard of Puget Sound. 
On this account Kitsap county has an advantage in the way of 
transportation ; fast steamers making many trips between Se- 
attle and Bremerton each day. 

AGRICULTURAL LANDS. 

Notwithstanding the fact that a great area of standing tim- 
ber still remains in this district, there are thousands of acres of 
logged-off lands lying in an undeveloped state and ready now to 
be cleared and placed under cultivation. In their raw state 
these lands can be purchased from $20.00 per acre up, depend- 
ing upon the class of soil and their proximity to markets. New 
settlers are going on these lands continually, and while the work 
of clearing and rendering them suitable for crop production 
involves a great deal of labor and considerable expense, yet there 
is no need for discouragement as the farmer will soon be more 
than reimbursed for the outlay entailed. Ten acres of this land 
properly cleared and devoted to intensive farming is sufficient 
to keep a family in comfortable circumstances. Poultry raising 
and dairying are two of the most profitable lines of industry in 
which the people engage. The markets of the cities of Puget 
Sound are always clamoring for fresh eggs and butter, and 
there is no possibility for an over-production of these commodi- 
ties. 

OTHER ADVANTAGES. 

In addition to the openings offered throughout this section 
for profitable farming there is added the attraction of splendid 
scenery with unsurpassed opportunities for hunting and fishing. 
Kitsap county alone has the largest extent of water frontage of 
any county in the state, and Clallam and Jefferson, likewise, 
have many miles of salt water shore line. In the valleys and 
uplands are grouse, pheasant and other game birds in abund- 
ance, and among the lofty peaks of the Olympic mountains will 
be found all manner of big game to attract the daring hunter. 




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Western Washington 29 

Many summer resorts are situated around the lakes and on the 
beaches throughout the district, and hundreds of campers and 
summer residents flock to these localities from the cities. These 
temporary visitors do not come exclusively from the nearby 
commercial centers. The summer climate and opportunities for 
out-of-door sports are widely known and appreciated in all the 
Pacific coast cities and the number of summer residents from 
distant points is increasing annually. 

TOWNS AND CITIES. 

The lack of transportation and the consequently slow de- 
velopment of the district has operated against the building of 
any large commercial centers. Port Townsend, the county seat 
of Jefferson county, is the largest city in the three counties and 
has a population of 5,000 people. It is a sub-port of entry 
for the Puget Sound customs district, and is a substantially 
built and well-located city. Port Angeles, the county seat of 
Clallam county, is situated on a well protected harbor on the 
Straits of Juan de Fuca. One of the largest and best lumbering 
and shingle industries in the world is located here. It is the cen- 
ter of an important fishing industry and is also the shipping 
point and distributing center for a large tributary country. The 
Seattle, Port Angeles & Lake Crescent railroad is now in course 
of construction. Port Angeles is also a sub-port of the Puget 
Sound customs district. 

Bremerton, already mentioned, is the seat of the United 
States navy yard and is the largest town in Kitsap county. It 
is a thriving city with excellent prospects for future growth. 
The government expenditures amount to hundreds of thousands 
of dollars annually and to this source of prosperity is added 
the trade of the surrounding section which is being rapidly 
developed. 

SCHOOLS. 

As elsewhere throughout the state, excellent school facilities 
are provided in all of the populated sections of the three coun- 
ties, and for higher educational purposes, the University of 
Washington, located in the city of Seattle, is available. 



30 Logged-Off Lands 



SOUTHWEST COUNTIES 



Chehalis, Mason, Thurston, Pacific and Lewis constitute 
what may be termed the upper group of southwest counties. 
All of the counties named have numerous characteristics in 
common, and with the exception of Lewis county, each one has 
a considerable length of shore line on the salt water. 

Mason and Thurston counties are located along the south- 
ern reaches of Puget Sound, which body of water terminates in 
a series of inlets spread out somewhat in fan-shaped fashion. 
The lower lands along these estuaries were long ago cleared of 
their first timber growth, and the lumbermen are now pene- 
trating deep into the interior sections of the counties. Consid- 
erable progress has been made in converting the logged-off 
lands into farms, orchards and dairy ranches, but there still 
remain thousands of acres of such lands ready for clearing and 
tillage. 

Chehalis and Pacific counties front on the Pacific ocean. 
Grays Harbor, in Chehalis, and Willapa Harbor, in Pa- 
cific, extend their friendly arms to receive the lumber 
carrying vessels which are constantly loading with cargoes 
destined, in large part, for foreign ports. Chehalis county is 
drained by the river of the same name, and the lower valley 
lands are rich and well adapted to every variety of farming. 
The soil of the valley regions is made up of alluvial deposits, 
combined with decayed vegetation, and produces abundantly of 
grass crops, fruits and vegetables. There are extensive cran- 
berry marshes in the county which are being profitably devel- 
oped. 

The Willapa river is the chief stream of Pacific count}^, and 
for a distance of more than 30 miles above its mouth the val- 
ley through which it flows is made up of fine farming lands. 
Some of these lands have been cultivated for a great many years 
and the crops annually produced testify to their great fertility 
and productiveness. 



Western Washington 31 



Of recent years the uplands have received more attention 
and, under careful management, are made to return excellent 
yields of potatoes, rutabagas, grains, berries and other prod- 
ucts. 

Lewis county lies directly east of Pacific and south of 
Thurston. It is one of the few land-locked counties of western 
Washington, but that fact has not operated in any particular 
against its rapid development. The Cowlitz and Lewis rivers 
water the county and it is along these streams that the greatest 
agricultural activity has occurred. In general the lands of the 
county divide themselves naturally into bottom lands and up- 
lands as is the case with other sections of western Washington. 
Originally one vast forest, which has rapidly been cut away by 
the loggers, the county at present offers a large and constantly 
increasing area of lands adapted to a wide variety of agricul- 
tural purposes. These lands began coming on the market years 
ago and in the valleys of the two rivers mentioned, as also along 
the lesser streams of the county, there will be found hundreds 
of comfortable, well-kept farm homes. 

Hay, oats, and other grains are staple crops from the 
logged-off lands, while berries, orchard fruits, and all kinds of 
vegetables are grown in abundance. The production of flax for 
fiber purposes is another young industry which promises to be- 
come more important in the future. 

MARKETS. 

This entire group of counties is well provided with home 
markets for all the various products of their land. The cities 
of Aberdeen and Hoquiam, in Chehalis county, are important 
lumber, milling and shipping centers, having a combined popu- 
lation of 28,760. Pacific county has two thriving towns in Ray- 
mond and South Bend ; and Mason county, in addition to the 
county seat, the town of Shelton, markets its produce in the 
numerous logging and lumber camps scattered throughout the 
county. It has easy access by boat to the cities of Tacoma and 
Olympia. The last named city is the county seat of Thurston 
county and the capital of the state, and has a population of 




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Western Washington 33 



10,000. It is a city of handsome homes, substantial business 
structures and fine public buildings. The new Temple of 
Justice to house the state supreme court is now occupied, and 
a capitol building to cost several millions of dollars has been 
authorized by an act of the state legislature. In Lewis county 
there are the bustling cities of Centralia and Chehalis, both 
thriving manufacturing and industrial centers constantly de- 
manding the products of the farms and ranches. 

TRANSPORTATION. : 

With the exception of Mason county, this section is well 
provided with railroad transportation, and Lewis county is 
particularly well favored in this respect. Its two important 
cities and many of its lesser communities are on the double- 
tracked road of the Northern Pacific line, which, under traffic 
arrangements, also carries the trains of the Oregon & Wash- 
ington and Great Northern systems between Seattle and Port- 
land, Oregon. Pacific, Chehalis and Thurston counties are all 
served by branch lines of the Northern Pacific system, and 
others of the great transcontinental lines are building into this 
territory. The Northern Pacific main line also passes through 
Thurston county, reaching several of its smaller communities. 
Mason county has several important logging railroads, but is 
dependent for general transportation upon steamers plying on 
Puget Sound. 

OPPORTUNITIES. 

This group of counties constitutes the heart of southwest- 
ern Washington, and is just now undergoing unusual develop- 
ment. Its lands are being opened up and brought on the 
market for settlement and it has before it every promise of fu- 
ture growth and prosperity. Good schools and good roads 
will be found wherever the rural districts have been settled up, 
and in the cities all the modern utilities, such as electric light 
and power, gas, public water systems, street railways, etc., are 
established. There is a wide choice open to the homeseeker who 
is looking for land, and he may make his selection to suit his 
own purposes and financial resources. 



34 Logged-Off Lands 



COLUMBIA RIVER SECTION 



Facing on the expansive Columbia river of historic fame, and 
with rich lands extending for over 200 miles along the north 
bank of that wonderful river, lie the five most southerly counties 
of western Washington, viz. : Wahkiakum and Clarke, two of 
the smallest counties in the state ; and Cowlitz, Skamania and 
Klickitat, three of the larger. Within this area are some of the 
oldest settlements in the state of Washington, besides Van- 
couver barracks, situated at Vancouver, Clarke county, one of 
the oldest and most beautifully located of the United States 
military posts. 

Of the total valuation of all taxable property amounting to 
$126,451,029, all except $16,372,157 is in the three counties 
of Clarke, Cowlitz and Klickitat; which counties also contain 
61,129 people, of the entire population of 68,131. 

RESOURCES. 

Altogether these several counties contain a total area of 
5,564 square miles, or 3,560,960 acres, including about 260,000 
acres of improved lands and the remaining 3,300,000 acres 
consisting chiefly of uncut timber and unimproved logged-off 
lands, waiting for the energetic worker to finish clearing and 
awaken its fertile soils into prosperous life-sustaining farms. 
Every year the report of the tax commission shows a decrease 
in the amount of timber lands, which indicates a proportionate 
increase in the logged-off area. It is only a matter of time 
when these sparsely settled lands are going to support many 
times the population located on them at present, and in a state 
of prosperity and contentment. 

All of this section is exceptionally well drained, as it con- 
tains many streams which have their sources in the hills and 
mountains to the north and northeast, finding their way into 
the Columbia and Cowlitz rivers in a southwesterly direction. 
There is plenty of rainfall and the climate is diversified enough 



Western Washington 35 



to suit all, ranging from a moist, mild climate in the western 
portion to a dryer one in the eastern parts. 

Besides the timber and rich soil, other resources of this sec- 
tion consist of mineral deposits and the Columbia river fishing. 
The new settler who finds it necessary to work for others for a 
time can take his choice of working in the fish canneries, mines, 
saw mills or lumber camps ; or engaging as a farm hand. The 
natural resources are practically indeterminate ; for denuding 
the land of its forests simply means the development of its fer- 
tile soil ; while the supply of fish and output of its mines will 
probably be only ended by the termination of time. 

LOGGED-OFF LAND ENTERPRISES. 

Within the parts of the country that have been logged-off 
many different enterprises may be taken up, chief of which are 
dairying and poultry raising. The logged-off lands make ideal 
pasture and many thousands of pounds of butter are produced 
here annually. Clarke county alone has 10,298 milch cows, 
which is the fourth largest number for any county in the 
state, the other three being King, Snohomish, and Lewis, all in 
western Washington. Hogs, too, do especially well ; Klickitat 
having 11,537, or the third largest number of all counties 
in the entire state. Many of these lands also afford splendid 
opportunity for general stock raising. The poultry value as 
equalized by the county boards of western Washington for the 
year 1914 amounted to $286,119, which is only a beginning 
compared with what will be raised here in the years to come. 

Besides the agricultural products that are common to most 
parts of western Washington, such as hay, potatoes, oats, etc., 
this section is particularly well adapted to the raising of fruits, 
nuts, and grain. Klickitat will rank with the best in its apple 
and wheat lands, while Clarke is making quite a specialty of 
prunes, English walnuts, and filberts. Cowlitz, too, raises splen- 
did fruits and the soil is very productive of grass for grazing 
as well as for hay. Throughout this section will be found also 
splendid crops of vegetables, berries, and hops. 



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Western Washington 37 

TRANSPORTATION AND MARKETS. 

The markets and transportation facilities are exceptionally 
good. Besides having many miles of railroad track, including 
the Great Northern, Northern Pacific, O.-W. R. & N.., the Spo- 
kane, Portland & Seattle, and Chicago, Milwaukee & Saint Paul, 
there are about 250 miles of navigable river, including the Cow- 
litz, which carries steamers for many miles down to the Colum- 
bia, where will be seen ocean vessels on their way to or from 
the important river ports. On the other side of the river 
is more railroad trackage, which can easily be reached by ferries 
or other river boats plying between the various points. 

These many ways of transportation quickly carry all that 
can be produced to the many towns in this section, chief of 
which are Kalama, Kelso and Castle Rock, in Cowlitz county; 
Vancouver, Camas, Yacolt and Washougal, in Clarke county ; 
Goldendale, White Salmon, in Klickitat county ; Skamokawa, 
and Cathlamet, in Wahkiakum county ; and Stevenson, in Ska- 
mania county ; while many trains passing in each direction on 
the main lines make it very easy to ship large quantities of the 
chief products to the greater markets on the coast or to the 
eastern states. Excellent prices are always realized. 

Land in these counties can be purchased at very reasonable 
prices and on easy terms, especially if the purchaser wishes to 
make a home on his land. 

In point of enterprise, educational advantages, etc., the 
people in this section are not behind the others who make their 
home in western Washington and the inspiration that must 
surely come from the grand scenery of the rivers and mountains 
makes this section a real home for mankind. 



38 Logged-Off Lands 



ACTUAL CROPS PRODUCED AND VALUE 

AS ESTIMATED RY THE WORKERS 

THEMSELVES 



Regarding the actual crops produced and the resulting 
profits the following reports from individual owners and 
workers of logged-off lands in different parts of the state 
will give the enquirer a fair and unbiased view. These reports 
were sent on request from this office for conservative estimates 
of what could be done with a few acres of such land. Although 
answers were not received from all, nevertheless it is felt that 
those responding have tried to be as fair as possible in their 
estimates. Very few of these men have land for sale. They are 
farmers who are content to make their living off the products 
of the soil and have no other motive in reporting than a desire 
to accommodate this office and to help, if possible, those on the 
outside who are seeking reliable first hand information. Each 
of these statements represents the results of a single year. 

From a study of these experiences the following facts ap- 
pear : 

1. The tracts vary in size from 10 to 320 acres; in a few 
cases smaller tracts being worked, sometimes even as small as 
two acres. 

2. The income is not always in proportion to the size of 
tract but rather to intensity of farming and choice of crops, as 
well as proper marketing of same. 

3. The character of the soil includes, chiefly, clay and 
sandy loam, as well as some beaver dam and bottom lands. 

4. The chief crops consist of hay, oats, and potatoes ; the 
land producing from two to four tons of hay per acre, from 
two to six tons of potatoes, and from 75 to 125 bushels of oats. 

5. Practically all carry on a successful dairy and poultry 
industry, which in many instances is the main source of income. 

6. As many as one-third raise hogs successfully and obtain 
quite an income therefrom. 



Western Washington 39 



7. Besides the main crops mentioned above the following 
are important and in some sections constitute the chief crop, 
giving splendid incomes to many people: Fruits, including 
apples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries, strawberries, goose- 
berries, raspberries, loganberries, etc. ; vegetables, including 
most of the truck common to a temperate climate. 

8. Rarer products which bid fair to become more import- 
ant in the future are flax, kale and corn, as well as honey, 
turkeys, and geese. 

Albert Grossman, Ocosta, Chehalis county; size of tract, 15 city 
blocks; soil, tideland and some upland. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Clover and timothy 8 acres 18 tons $180 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 3 tons 75 00 

Oats 2 acres 6 tons 72 00 

Raspberries (5 rows 100 ft. long) .300 quarts 25 00 



Total $352 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 20 cows — Value of dairy products 800 00 

Keeps 100 chickens — Value of products 25 00 

Cattle sold 200 00 

Hogs, sheep, veal, etc., sold 75 00 

Horses sold 110 00 



Grand total $1,562 00 

Charles Ipe, R. F. D. No. 1, Centralia, Lewis county; size of tract 
7 acres; soil, sandy clay to depth of eight feet, underlaid with gravel. 
Originally covered with vine maple, fir and cedar; some stumps six 
and eight feet through. Mr. Ipe says he is getting along in years and 
is not trying to make as much as in former times. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 2 acres 7 tons $75 00 

Oats 31/2 acres 360 bushels 175 00 

Garden and small fruit. . . 1% acres 300 00 



Total $550 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 1 cow — Value of products 90 00 

Keeps 25 chickens — Value of products 50 00 



40 Logged-Off Lands 



1 veal calf sold $10 00 

250 pounds of honey sold 35 00 

Earned at carpenter work 450 00 



Grand total $1,185 00 

John W. McCutcheon, R. F. D. No. 1, Chehalis, Lewis county; size 
of tract, 168 acres; soil, 80 acres clay loam, balance hill and swamp. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Barley 6 acres 350 bushels $175 00 

Oats 12 acres ..1,050 bushels 420 00 

Wheat 12 acres 360 bushels 360 00 

Hay 26 acres 100 tons 1,000 00 

Pasturage 112 acres — enough for 50 cattle. . . . 300 00 



Total $2,255 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 27 cows — Value of products 2,400 00 

Keeps 50 chickens — Value of products 120 00 

Sold 12 cows 985 00 

Sold veal 150 00 

Sold turkeys 40 00 



Grand total $5,950 00 

G. M. Powell, Aberdeen, Chehalis county; size of tract, 520 acres; 
soil, shot clay hills, sandy loam bottoms. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Clover 8 acres 30 tons $300 00 

Mixed hay 12 acres 35 tons 350 00 

Potatoes 6 acres 400 sacks 600 00 

Garden y 2 acre 100 00 

Carrots y 2 acre 15 tons 100 00 

Berries 100 00 

Cattle growth 500 00 

Hogs and poultry growth 200 00 



Total $2,250 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 12 cows — Value of products (Butter) 600 00 

Keeps 70 hens — Value of products : 250 00 

Cattle sold 500 00 

Beef sold 85 00 

Miscellaneous sales 150 00 



Grand total $3,835 00 



Western Washvngton 41 



E. F. Sleeth, Burlington, Skagit county; size of tract, 27 acres; 
soil, sandy loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oat hay 5 acres 20 tons $200 00 

Clover hay 2 acres 6 tons , 

Potatoes 1 acre . 200 sacks 

Apples 3 acres 200 boxes 

Plums and prunes 

Beets for feed 1 acre 40 tons 

Corn and fodder 1 acre 

Total $1,000 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 10 cows — Value of products 1,200 00 

Keeps 100 chickens — Value of products 100 00 

Cattle sold 200 00 

Hogs, sheep, veal, etc., sold 70 00 

Horses sold 100 00 



60 


00 


200 


00 


175 


00 


25 


00 


240 


00 


100 


00 



Grand total $2,670 00 

A. J. Schold, Silverdale, Kitsap county; size of tract, 70 acres; soil 
alluvial. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 25 acres 65 tons (hay).... $880 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 175 bushels 90 00 

Berries 30 00 

Corn 2 acres (Ensilage) .... 80 00 

Apples 35 00 

Vegetables 1 acre 50 00 



Total $1,165 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 18 cows — Value of products $1,875 00 

Keeps 200 chickens — Value of products 150 00 

Hogs, sheep, veal, etc., sold 200 00 



Grand total $3,390 00 

C. H. Nelson, R. F. D. No. 1, Shelton, Mason county; size of tract, 
40 acres; soil, shot clay. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Grain hay 4 acres 4 tons $64 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 3 tons 60 00 

Apples 1 acre 52 boxes 50 00 



Total $174 00 



42 Logged-Off Lands 



Mr. Nelson reports an abundance of vegetables and small fruits 
for table use and to can. 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 3 cows — Value of products $150 00 

Keeps 50 chickens — Value of products 100 00 

Cattle sold 90 00 

Hogs, sheep, veal, etc., sold 5 00 



Grand total $519 00 

H. Yount, Woodland, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 160 acres; soil, 
heavy clay. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Loganberries y 2 acres 95 crates $116 25 



Total $116 25 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 7 cows — Value of products 890 00 

Keeps 125 chickens — Value of products 66 00 

Hogs, sheep, veal, etc., sold 36 00 

Miscellaneous sales 365 40 



Grand total $1,473 65 

John Kilkelly, Kalama, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 200 acres; 
soil, dark loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 30 acres 60 tons $600 00 

Potatoes % acre , 20 00 

Other vegetables 20 00 



Total $640 00 

Keeps 15 cows — Value of products 198 00 

Hogs and veal sold 112 00 



Grand total $950 00 

D. Van der Griend, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 115 
acres; soil, muck. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 30 acres $340 00 

Oats 30 acres 800 00 

Peas 4 acres 120 bushels 130 00 



Total $1,270 00 




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44 Logged-Off Lands 



Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 15 cows — Value dairy products $1,320 00 

Beef, hogs and veal sold 547 00 



Grand total $3,137 00 

B. C. Crabtree, Lynden, Whatcom county; size of tract, 200 acres; 
soil, clay loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 75 acres 4,500 bushels $2,250 00 

Hay 50 acres 100 tons 1,500 00 

Peas 15 acres 200 bushels . . . 

Wheat 9 acres 280 bushels . . . 

Potatoes 160 bushels. . . 

Orchard 2 acres 

Garden 1 acre i : 

Total $4,545 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 14 Jersey cows — Value dairy products 1,794 79 

Keeps 100 chickens — Value poultry products 207 00 

Cattle sold 776 00 

Horses sold 460 00 



275 


00 


300 


00 


120 


00 


50 


00 


50 


00 



Grand total $7,782 79 

John H. Batcheldor, Monroe, Snohomish county; size of tract, 70 
acres; 50 acres river bottom; mostly sedimentary land; 20 acres bench 
land, some gravel, but mostly light loam; bottom land cleared with 
stumps left; 15 acres of the bench land has not been cleared. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. 

Timothy and clover 15 acres 80 tons 

Potatoes and vegetables. . 1 acre 

Mixed orchard 2 acres 

Oats used as hay 2 acres 5 tons 

12 head of calves 

1 colt 

Dairy products from 12 cows 600 00 

Grand total $2,192 00 

Henry- Buscher, Port Orchard, Kitsap county; size of tract, 80 
acres; soil, black loam and sandy clay. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 30 acres 75 tons $750 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 345 sacks 428 25 



Value 




$960 


00 


200 


00 


200 


00 


75 


00 


132 


00 


25 


00 


600 


00 



Total $1,178 25 



Western Washington 45 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 1 cow — Value dairy products 64 68 

Keeps 56 chickens — Value poultry products 174 57 



Grand total $1,417 50 

W. S. Taylor, Kamilche, Mason county; size of tract, 100 acres, 
part cleared; soil, black loam and shot clay, mostly bottom land. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 16 acres 1,412 bushels $790 72 

Hay 20 acres 80 tons 1,600 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 7 tons 210 00 

Rutabagas 1% acres 30 tons 300 00 

Apples 2 acres 300 bushels 180 00 



Total $3,080 72 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 16 cows — Value dairy products 800 00 

Keeps 30 chickens — Value poultry products 119 00 

Beef, hogs and horses sold 619 00 



Grand total $4,618 72 

Lewis Osborne, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 38 acres; 
sand and clay soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 12 acres 25 tons $450 00 

Fruits lVo acres 100 boxes 75 00 

Potatoes 1 acre 3 tons 75 00 

Onions 14 acre 1,200 lbs 25 00 



Total $625 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 2 cows — Value of dairy products 120 20 

Keeps 50 chickens — Value poultry products 95 00 

Sold 1 pair horses 335 00 

Sold 3 cows 150 00 



Grand total $1,325 20 

, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 16 acres; 



shot clay soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Clover 4 acres 16 tons(2 crops) $192 00 

Potatoes 3 acres 15 tons 330 00 

Apples and prunes 2 acres 120 00 

Oats 5 acres 3% tons 100 00 



46 Logged-Off Lands 



Straw from above 7 tons . 

Wheat 2 acres 2 tons . 

Wheat straw 3 tons . 



35 


00 


70 


00 


15 


00 



Total $862 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 16 grade Jersey cows — Value dairy products 700 00 

Keeps 30 chickens, family use — Value poultry products 

Hogs and pork sold '. .- 200 00 

Veal sold 100 00 

Beef sold 120 00 



Grand total $1,982 00 

Anton Gresz, Washougal, Clarke county; size of tract, 60 acres; 
40 acres of upland and 20 acres of bottom land; upland is dark, sandy 
soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 15 acres 1,050 bushels $480 00 

Wheat 2 acres 70 bushels 70 00 

Corn 1 acre { 75 bushels 45 30 

Potatoes 2 acres 300 bushels 187 50 

Hay 15 acres 45 tons 900 00 

Prunes (32 trees) 1,100 lbs 110 00 

Apples iy 2 acres Home use 

Pumpkins 2 acres Fed to stock 



Total $1,792 80 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 22 cows — Value dairy products 2,200 00 

Keeps 80 chickens — Value poultry products 75 00 



Grand total $4,067 80 

Albert Goot, Washougal, Clarke county; size of tract, 120 acres; 
soil is sandy bottom land and very fertile. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 20 acres 900 bushels ...... $480 00 

Timothy hay 30 acres 65 tons 1,300 00 

Clover 15 acres 40 tons 550 00 



Total $2,330 00 

S. F. Murray, Yale, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 102 acres; black 
soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 40 acres 2,400 bushels $1,200 00 

Hay 15 acres 30 tons 450 00 



Western Washington 47 



Potatoes 3 acres 600 bushels. 

Garden 1% acres 

Prunes (500 trees) 10,000 lbs 

Apples (50 trees) 500 bushels, 



360 


00 


100 


00 


600 


00 


375 


00 



Total $2,085 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 4 cows, common breed — Value of dairy products 150 00 

Keeps 100 chickens, 15 geese — Value of poultry products 205 00 

1 cow 50 00 

1 calf 35 00 



Grand total $2,452 00 

A. B. Newkirk, Woodland, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 131 acres; 
mostly unimproved; soil, clay loam. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 3 acres 180 bushels $145 00 

Wheat 4 acres 100 bushels 120 00 

Hay 11 acres 33 tons 495 00 

Potatoes % acre 20 bushels 12 00 

Apples 2 acres 1,500 boxes 1,125 00 

Cherries (12 trees) 500 lbs 30 00 



Total $1,927 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 211 chickens — Value of poultry products sold 46 00 

16 cedar poles sold 12 00 

1 hog 22 00 



Grand total $2,007 00 

C. Carpenter, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 35 
acres; soil, part beaver marsh and part clay soil. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Hay 8 acres 20 tons $300 00 

Rutabagas 1 acre 10 tons 125 00 

Potatoes y 2 acre 2 tons 50 00 

Garden truck 50 00 



Total $525 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 8 cows — Value dairy products 1,001 98 

Veal, hogs, beef and hides sold 285 87 



Grand total $1,812 85 




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Western Washington 49 



W. Milne, Granite Falls, Snohomish county; size of tract, 160 acres; 
15 acres under cultivation; soil, bench land. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Rutabagas 5 acres 125 tons $1,875 00 

Clover hay 2 acres 6 tons 60 00 

Oat hay 5 acres 15 tons 150 00 

Garden truck 10.0 00 



Total $2,185 00 

Other sources of revenue: 

Keeps 7 cows — Value dairy products 643 65 

Keeps 400 chickens — Value poultry products 600 25 

Sheep sold 149 75 

Pigs sold 162 19 

Cattle sold 190 00 



Grand total $3,930 84 

M. C. Martin, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 10 
acres; soil is a sandy loam. Products for 1910: 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Strawberries 8 acres 800 crates .... 

Peaches iy 2 acres 350 boxes 

Apples (3, 4 and 5 yr. old) 4 acres 140 boxes 

Vegetables % acre 40 sacks 

Gooseberries 

Total $2,817 00 

Keeps one cow and raises orchard and small fruits for family use in 
addition to quantity sold. 

John Clarkson, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 115 
acres; soil, red shot. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Strawberries 10 acres $1,500 00 

Peaches (on same tract) 800 boxes 320 00 

Three-year-old apple orchard, not in bearing 



.$2,000 


00 


400 


00 


350 


00 


50 


00 


17 


00 



Grand total $1,820 00 

A. E. Bartel, Kamilche, Mason county; size of tract, 160 acres; 40 
acres in cultivation; soil, black loam and shot clay. 

Crop. Acreage. Amount Produced. Value. 

Oats 16 acres 1,200 bushels $720 00 

Hay 15 acres 40 tons 800 00 

Wheat 2 acres 60 bushels 63 00 

Potatoes 2 acres. 9 tons 270 00 



50 Logged-Off Lands 



Carrots 2 acres 30 tons 300 00 

Kale 1 acre 50 00 

Apples 1 acre 200 boxes 120 00 

Pears (10 trees) 150 boxes 112 00 

Plums and prunes (8 trees) 1,000 lbs 20 00 

Cherries (4 trees) 200 lbs 6 00 



Total $2,461 00 

Other sources of revenue: 
Keeps 8 cows, Durham and Jersey — Value of dairy products. . . . 400 00 

Keeps 100 chickens — Value poultry products 210 00 

Horses sold . . . . 265 00 

Hogs sold 100 00 



Grand total $3,436 00 



CLEARING LAND, MARKETING PRODUCTS, ETC 



The following extracts from individual experiences will give 
the reader a fair idea of the cost of land clearing, size of tracts, 
marketing facilities, etc. 

There are three general conditions in which unimproved lands 
are found: (1) The thoroughly timbered stage, or the pri- 
meval forest, which is the joy of the lumberman ; (2) the logged 
or burnt-off stage, when the marketable timber has been removed, 
but with much underbrush, small trees, stumps, etc., remaining ; 
(3) the condition in which all is cleared, excepting the stumps. 
The second stage shades off into the third, producing many 
degrees of condition. Generally, it is not very difficult to clear 
off everything but stumps, when most of the land makes excel- 
lent pasture. 

Clearing of stumps is by far the greatest expense, but if the 
charpit system, used by several of these men, and briefly de- 
scribed in the introduction, does anything like what it is claimed 
for it, and there is every reason to believe that it will, then the 
problem of getting land ready for the plow has been wonder- 
fully simplified and the expense reduced at least 50 per cent. 



Western Washington 51 



Hogan Anderson, Napavine, Lewis county; size of tract, 160 acres; 
about 20 acres under cultivation: 

"I consider good logged-off land as good as any land and will pro- 
duce very good crops of anything suitable for this climate. I have 
raised as nice strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, etc., as I ever 
saw anywhere." 

Chas. A. Frasier, Yale, Cowlitz county; size of tract, 320 acres; 60 
acres under cultivation: 

"A tract of ten acres will support a family. The most profitable 
orops would be hay, potatoes and fruit. Stock raising is also profitable. 
I believe this to be one of the richest valleys in the state and one which 
is in its infancy. Some might think that $100 per acre is a big price 
for land after it is cleared but I feel safe in saying that this land is 
worth five times that price." 

J. E. Johnson, Monroe, "Washington; size of tract, 20 acres: 

"A ten-acre tract will support a family if it is well worked to grow 
roots and potatoes. The raising of hogs and poultry is profitable; cat- 
tle pays well. Hay grows well and any one can cut the third crop, 
that is, clover hay. Oats do well, an acre yielding from 75 to 120 
bushels. Strawberries produce a good crop. An easy and profitable 
way to get the stumps out is to 'chard' them out, for I tried it myself. 
Use no powder or chemical. Just put a fire around and cover up like 
a coal pit." 

Fred Ferris, Matlock, Mason county; size of tract, 20 acres: 
"My family consists of seven, and I make a living from 20 acres, 
only half cleared. There is plenty of logged-off land to be had here 
at reasonable figures. This land is burnt over and can be easily made 
to produce pastures and hay for stock and dairy business; it is ac- 
cessible to creameries and slaughter houses at Shelton, Montesano, 
Elma and other places. There are thousands of acres of finest bee 
pasture, the honey crop here last year was immense." 

N. P. Sorenson, Bellingham, Whatcom county; size of tract, 100 
acres : 

"In this locality the cost of clearing land is from $50 to $100 per 
acre. Twenty acres, if stocked with good cows, will support any or- 
dinary family." 

A. S. Caton, Olympia, Thurston county; size of tract, 60 acres: 

"I have grown ten and one-half tons of spuds on an acre of shot 

clay; ten acres can be made to support a family with everything they 

need. We are especially adapted to small fruits, pears and cherries. 

Western Washington will be the commercial pear district in America. 

By planting the late French varieties it is possible to realize from 

•$500 to $2,000 per acre per crop." 




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Western Washington 53 



T. K. Robe, Granite Falls: 

"I think I will be able to demonstrate that good wages can be made 
on five acres with chickens and ten acres with cows. I have 1,500 hens 
and am building an up-to-date incubator room and brooder house. One 
hundred hens last year averaged $24 per month. There are good mar- 
kets, good roads, and plenty of work. Land sells from $25 to $300 per 
acre, much of it requiring nothing down in payment, particularly the 
cheaper lands." 

J. E. Slade, Operator, Husum, Klickitat county; size of tract, 100' 
acres; 53 acres in orchard: 

"Since coming here I have cleared three acres, which cost me $30 
per acre; four acres which cost $40 per acre, and 17 acres which cost 
$85 per acre; clearing is done by powder or stump puller. Five acres 
of bearing orchard should support a family in more than average 
comfort. For transportation, the O.-W. R. & N. Co., the S. P. S. Rail- 
way Co., and the Columbia river boats. Our apple growers' union 
shipped 22 cars of first-grade apples to New York City in 1910. We have 
irrigating water available for the whole valley, but do not practice 
irrigation except for hay and gardens." 

J. B. Carey, White Salmon, Klickitat county; 300 acres: 

"I use two Faultless stump pullers. Cost of clearing brush lands, 
including slashing and plowing is about $75; cost of clearing second- 
growth fir trees, including slashing, logging, plowing, $100; cost of 
clearing heavy timber, including logging, plowing, slashing, $125. 
Wouldn't advise anyone trying less than 20 acres, as it would cost 
practically as much to maintain 10 acres as a 20-acre tract. There 
is an unlimited demand for the long-keeping qualities of non-irrigated 
apples which grow to the highest perfection in the White Salmon 
country." 

A. W. McCormick: 

"During the summer of 1910, I had nearly 200 stumps removed 
from my land, paying the man who did the work 50c per stump. He 
kept tab on the time spent, and had he worked 10 hours per day and 
received a salary of $2.50 per day, the work would have cost me a 
fraction less than 23c per stump. Char-pitting is certainly the poor 
man's way to clear land. However, it does not work successfully in 
sandy soil." 

Perry Pennoyer, Aberdeen, Chehalis county: 

"For river bottom land about $50 per acre for clearing and $75 for 
upland, for immediate use. But considerable less by the usual method 
of use and clearing at the same time; requiring about three years to 
put in good condition. Five acres in small fruits will produce income 
enough to support a family comfortably; or ten acres in root crops, 
which can be grown to advantage on the same ground with apples, 
pears and prunes. For reaching market we have both wagon roads- 



54 Logged-Off Lands 



and tide water; two trans-continental railroads and steam and sailing 
vessels to all parts of the world. The sugar prune has been given a 
thorough test here on logged-off land and is a great success, as it does 
not crack open; it is a sure cropper and is certain to add another in- 
dustry to Chehalis county. The higher logged-off lands are well 
adapted to the sheep and goat industry." 

J. O. Wing, R. R. 1, Washougal, Skamania county: 

"As to methods of clearing stump land, wherever the soil will per- 
mit of using the charpit method this is the cheapest, as there is no 
expense except the labor. On land that is not clayey enough to use 
this method the best and cheapest way is to use powder and fire com- 
bined, that is, put in a small shot, just heavy enough to split the 
stump, then fire it; many of them will burn almost out with their own 
wood; this is very much better and cheaper than to undertake to blow 
them out entirely, as this requires a large amount of powder and leaves 
a hole that requires much labor to fill. I have been clearing land in 
this state for 25 years and know this from practical experience." 

Wm. L. Wood, Port Orchard, Kitsap county: 

"In regard to chickens and eggs, will say that 10 acres of land will 
keep a big family, if properly worked. I am an old man, very near 
to 70, and keep 500 chickens, one team of horses, a cow and pigs. I 
am not using half of my place, have plenty of water, and do not have 
to work for anybody. We can raise every kind of garden truck that 
is grown." 

, Puyallup, Pierce county: 



"My land was heavy timber and cost probably $150 per acre to 
clear. It is rich land and will raise anything. I have raised 1*4 tons of 
fine hops per acre. I have taken out the hops and am building up a 
good dairy herd of Jerseys and Holsteins, as that is more profitable than 
hops now. Some of my neighbors are making a good profit raising 
berries of various kinds and shipping through the association to all 
points. Markets and transportation facilities are good." 

Guy Needham, White Salmon, Klickitat county; size of tract, 166 
acres : 

"Natural state of land is mixed brush and timber, costing on an 
average of $100 per acre to bring it to thorough state of cultivation. 
Ten acres of orchard land is sufficient for one family, both from the 
standpoint of care and from financial returns. Markets are best in 
the world, as fruit can be shipped anywhere by the excellent trans- 
portation facilities, consisting of both water and rail. My experience 
has been that for quick results, the use of dynamite is the most satis- 
factory way for eliminating stumps and obstructions." 



Western Washington 



55 



Frank McCormick, Monroe, Snohomish county; size of tract, 120 
acres: 

"Cost of clearing 5 acres of land that had been logged-off three years 
before; ten hours' work per day: 

117 days @ $2.00 per day $234 00 

16 days for one horse @ $1.00 16 00 

17 days for two horses @ $2.00 34 00 

150 lbs. powder @ 8c per lb 12 00 

Total $296 00 

Cost of one acre $59 20 

"I cleared this with a stump puller made on the ground, costing 
$57.63; having fourteen pounds of power to one applied, or 28 pounds 
to one pound applied with one block. I shattered fir stumps with pow- 
der, burnt them to level of ground, then covered with rotten wood and 
dirt mixed; this would burn the center and parts of the root; the bal- 
ance was easily pulled with the stump puller. I me 1 ;ly pulled the 
maple, cedar and hemlock stumps." 





100-125 BUSHELS OF OATS PER ACRE. 



56 Logged-Off Lands 



ESTIMATES BY COUNTY ASSESSORS. 



The following table was compiled from estimates given by 
the various county assessors in response to a request from this 
department for such information. It must not be supposed that 
absolutely correct figures can be given on the amount of logged- 
off land there is in the state ; for even if it were possible at 
any one time to segregate this kind of land from the other ; 
long before such figures could be given to the public, logging 
camps and forest fires, besides the ceaseless efforts of the tireless 
farmer would have totally destroyed their accuracy. However, 
one is safe in concluding that there is at least as much as is 
estimated, since the above influences tend rather to increase 
than to diminish the amount of such lands. The entire state 
of Washington manufactures each year between three and four 
billion feet of lumber, shingles, and lath; which would suggest 
an annual increase in the logged-off area of upwards of 100,000 
acres ; while the average number of acres placed under cultiva- 
tion each year is about one-half of that. Undoubtedly the land 
is being disrobed of its timber far more rapidly than it can be 
cleared and put under the plow. 

San Juan county, although it has much good timber, is 
reported as having no logged-off land whatsoever. In King 
county no segregation is made of this from the other unim- 
proved lands ; although here as in the other counties for which 
no estimate was given, many acres of such lands can be pur- 
chased, and at prices and terms that will conform very reason- 
ably to the financial ability of the average buyer. 

It will be noticed that estimates of the quantity suitable for 
agricultural purposes averages about 60%. The other 40% 
is probably quite mountainous or rocky, and would be useful 
for grazing purposes or for reforestation. 

Where ten acres is suggested as the amount required to 
maintain a family, it is not to be expected that dairying would 



Western Washington 



57 



be the chief industry ; as it naturally takes more land for this 
line of work than for general truck farming, fruit raising, 
poultry farms, etc. To make a good living off a small area> 
intensive farming is absolutely necessary. 



COUNTIES 



Chehalis . . 
Clallam . . . 

Clarke 

Cowlitz . . . 

Island 

JefYerson . 

King 

Kitsap 

Klickitat . . 

Lewis 

Mason — 
Pacific — 

Pierce 

San Juan . 

Skagit 

Skamania . 
Snohomish 
Thurston . 
Wahkiakum 
Whatcom . 



Total 
number 
of acres 
exclusive 
of town 
lots 



819,763 
600,000 
365,983 
618,835 
120,505 
278,86-2 
818,280 
226,155 
894,263 
950,377 
408,783 
544,795 
949,365 
99,549 
517,609 
209,345 
.563,219 
419,136 
149,521 
418,552 



Acres of 

improved 

lands 



25,501 
20,000 
63,310 
14,704 
13,432 

4,821 
57,780 
10,893 
173,659 
58,894 
10,062 

8,044 
35,211 
13,800 
60,607 

6,076 
36,400 
27,624 

4,000 
55,946 



LOGGED-0FF OR BURNT-OFF LANDS 



Number 
of acres 



288,207 

50,000 

274,000 

335,479 

99,942 

98,204 

175,000 

100,000 

176,500 

422,111 

123,144 

190,092 

514,730 

None 

213,604 

88,082 

300,000 

159,902 

77,371 

258,712 



Per Cent, 
suitable 

for agri- 
culture 



50 
80 
70 
40 
50 



Acres 

sufficient 

for one 

family 



25 
25 
80 
50 
20 
50 
80 



75 
60 
60 
45 
20 
75 



40 
50 
40 
15 

20 to 40 

10 

5 to 30 

10 to 40 
40 
10 
40 
40 
5 to 10 
40 

10 to 40 

10 

5 to 40 

10 to 40 
40 
10 



Prices 
per acre 



$10 
20 to 
10 to 
15 to 
20 to 
100 
10 to 
10 to 
25 to 
10 to 
7 

5 to 

5 to 

8 to 

10 to 

25 to 

20 to 

7 to 

10 to 

10 to 



$50 

100 

20 

60 

20 

75 

100 

100 

150 
40 
35 
85 
100 
100 
25 
50 
25 



NOTE — This report pertains only to western Washington. Several eastern Wash- 
ington counties are bountifully supplied with timber and a consequent proportion of 
logged-off area. These counties are Chelan, Ferry, Kittitas, Lincoln, Okanogan, Spo- 
kane, Stevens and Pend Oreille. 



Western Washington 59 



CONCLUDING STATEMENTS. 



A careful perusal of the foregoing experiences and estimates 
must have revealed to the reader a fair idea of the cost of land, 
expense of clearing, size of tracts and profits accruing there- 
from ; also, some of the problems attendant upon the work of 
getting started in the enterprise. 

The person who has no money must expect to work for others 
until he gets a start, especially if he has a family to support. 
Work of various kinds can be secured in most localities, in log- 
ging camps, lumber mills, canning factories or on the farms. 
Mechanics can often get employment at their trades. The 
average wages paid for unskilled labor is from $2.00 to $2.75 
per day ; skilled labor from $3.50 to $4.50 ; farm hands usually 
get $40 per month and board. 

Not all logged-off land in western Washington is fit for agri- 
culture. The same care should be exercised in choosing a loca- 
tion here as one would take in entering any business enterprise. 
The best plan is for each homeseeker to investigate for himself. 
It is very difficult for one person to choose for another. First 
of all satisfy yourself that you like a certain locality. Remem- 
ber, western Washington comprises over 25,000 square miles of 
territory, extending for a distance of 240 miles north and south 
and an average of 150 miles east and west — twenty times the 
area of the state of Rhode Island. And in spite of general sim- 
ilarity there are necessarily many differences. 

Good unimproved land can be purchased at prices ranging 
from $15 to $50, although in some cases land is sold as high 
as $100. Some good companies are putting land on the market 
at very low figures, as they want to get the country settled and 
will give every advantage to persons who wish to build up homes. 

In any particular section the land closest to a line of trans- 
portation, as well as waterfront land, will generally bring the 
highest prices. 



60 



Logged-OjJ Lands 



After purchasing a piece of land, the best plan is to clear as 
soon as possible a liberal amount of it of everything but the 
stumps. Some have found hogs and goats of material assist- 
ance in accomplishing this. With a fair amount cleared to 
this stage, cows and chickens, as well as some garden truck 
raised between the stumps, will give the farmer a fair living 
while getting it all cleared and ready for the plow. 

The work of subduing these unimproved lands cannot be con- 
sidered an easy task, although with proper care and sufficient 
energy the best results are sure to follow their development. 
One must not expect a rapid transition from the stump covered 
land to a highly productive farm. Patience and industry are 
necessary to accomplish that transformation. The ambitious 
farmer, however, will experience a great delight and much satis- 
faction in developing one of these tracts of land, rough looking 
but full of possibilities, into the prosperous productive ranches 
similar to those pictured in other parts of this publication. 




GOVERNMENT BULB FARM, BELLINGHAM. 



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LIST OF COUNTIES, CITIES AND INCORPORATED TOWNS OF WESTERN 
WASHINGTON AND THEIR POPULATION AS GIVEN BY THE CENSUS 
REPORT OF 1910, THE BULLETIN NO. 122 OF U. S. CENSUS BUREAU 
FOR 1914; ALSO THE NAMES OF ALL COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS 
REPORTED FOR 1914 IN BOTH INCORPORATED AND UNINCORPO- 
RATED COMMUNITIES; ARRANGED ACCORDING TO COUNTIES. 

The organizations listed will gladly send further information whenever 
requested, regarding their respective communities. Sample of address: 

Chamber of Commerce, Olympia, Washington. 
The * indicates county seat, the dagger f means unincorporated. Population figures in 
parenthesis ( ) are local estimates. Where no population figures are given no estimates 
were received. No commercial body was reported unless specifically mentioned after name 
of each municipality. 



CHEHALIS COUNTY 

Aberdeen, Cbamber of Commerce. ■ 
Cosmopolis, Chamber of Commerce 

Elma, Commercial Club 

Hoquiam 

Commercial Club. 
Grays Harbor Development Club. 
*Montesano, Chamber of Commerce 
Oakville, Development Association 

Ocosta 

tQuinaiult, Improvement Club.... 
tWestport, Commercial Club 

CLALLAM COUNTY 

*Port Angeles, Commercial Club.. 
Sequim, Commercial Club 



CLARKE COUNTY 

Camas, Commercial Club 

La Center, Commercial Club. . . 
Ridgefield, Commercial Club... 
* Vancouver, Commercial Club.. 
Washougal, Commercial Club.. 
Yacolt 



COWLITZ COUNTY 

Castle Rock, Booster Club 

*Kalama, Commercial Club 

Kelso, Commercial Club 

Woodland, Commercial Club 

ISLAND COUNTY 
*Coupeville, Commercial Club.... 

Langley, Commercial Club 

tOak Harbor, Commercial Club... 
JEFFERSON COUNTY 
tlrondale, Chamber of Commerce. 
*Port Townsend, Commercial Club 
tQuilcene, Commercial Club 

KING COUNTY 

tAlgona 

Auburn, Business Men's Club. . . . 

Bothell, Commercial Club. 

tCove. Improvement Club 

fDes Moines, Commercial Club. . . . 

Duvall. Commercial Club 

Enumclaw, Merchants Associat'n. 

Issaquah, Commercial Club 

Kent, Commercial Social Club... 
fKennydale, Athletic Association. 

Kirkland. Chamber of Commerce, 
East Side Commercial Club... 

Northbend, Commercial Club .... 

Pacific 

fPortage. Vashon Island Commer- 
cial Club 

Ravensdale 

Redmond 

Renton, Chamber of Commerce. . 
fRichmond Beach, Improvem't Club 



18,220 
1,132 
1,532 

10,540 



2,448 
465 
127? 
(200) 
(250) 



2,286 
(600) 



1,125? 

(300) 

(500) 

11,930 

456? 

435? 



998? 
816 
2,039 
384 

310? 

(400) 
500 

(200) 
5,000 
(600) 



957 

599 

(100) 

(500) 

(350) 

(1,500) 

628 

1,908 

(450) 

532 
299 
413 

(100) 
(375) 
(400) 
2,740 
(600) 



KING COUNTY— (Continued) 

♦Seattle 325,000 

The New Chamber of Commerce. 

Commercial Club. 

Rainier Valley Commercial Club. 

Women's Commercial Club. 

Salmon Bay Improvement Club. 

Skykomish 238 

Snoqualmie 279 

Tolt, Commercial Club (400) 

Tukwila, Women's Improvement 

Club 



KITSAP COUNTY 

Bremerton, Commercial Club.... 
fBrownsville, Improvement Club. 
fBurley, Improvement Club , 

Charleston, Commercial Club... 

tManette, Improvement Ass'n 

*Port Orchard, Commercial Club. , 

Poulsbo 

tRollingbay, Progressive Club 

KLICKITAT COUNTY 

*Goldendale, Commercial Club, 
Fruit & Produce Association. , 

tGuler, Trout Lake Commercial 
Club 

tLaurel, Development Club , 

fLyle, Commercial Club , 

White Salmon, Commercial Club. 

LEWIS COUNTY 

Centralia, Commercial Club...., 

*Chehalis, Citizens' Club , 

tMineral, Commercial Club 

Morton, Commercial Club 

fMossyrock 

Napavine 

Pe Ell, Commercial Club 

Toledo, Commercial Club 

Vader, Little Falls Commercial 

Club 

tVance 

Winlock, Commercial Club 



MASON COUNTY 
*Shelton, Commercial Club 

PACIFIC COUNTY 

tChinook, Commercial Club 

Ilwaco. Commercial Club 

fLong Beach, Commercial Club . . . 

Raymond, Commercial Club...., 
* South Bend, Commercial Club... 

PIERCE COUNTY 

Buckley, Chamber of Commerce. 
Du Pont 

Eatonville, Commercial Club.... 



361 



2,993 

(300) 

(300) 

1,062 

(500) 

682 

364 

(450) 



1,203 

(100) 
(50) 

(200) 
682 



12,000 

5,600 

(400) 

(500) 

(120) 

(300) 

838 

375 

(800) 
(100) 
1,140 



1,163 



(500) 
664 

(300) 
5,500 
4,500 



1,272 

(300) 

754 



PIERCE COUNTY— (Continued) 

fKapowsin, Improvement Club.... (400) 

Milton 448 

Orting, Commercial Club 799 

fParkland, Civic Improvem't Club 

Puyallup, Commercial Club 6.000 

Roy, Commercial Club 315 

Ruston 780 

South Prairie 264 

Steilacoom 430 

Sumner, Commercial Club 892 

*Tacoma. Commercial Club & 

Chamber of Commerce 103.418 

Wilkeson, Commercial Club 899 

SAN JUAN COUNTY 

*Friday Harbor, Improvement Club 400 

t Roche Harbor (350) 

SKAGIT COUNTY 

Anacortes, Chamber of Commerce 

& Manufacture 4,168 

Burlington, Commercial Club.... 1,302 

Concrete, Commercial Club 945 

Hamilton 405 

LaConner, Chamber of Commerce 603 

Lyman, Commercial Club 441 

McMurray (-100) 

*Mount Vernon, Commercial Club. 2 381 

Sedro Woolley, Commercial Club. 2.129 

SKAMANIA COUNTY 

tCarson, Carson Valley Develop- 
ment Club (250) 

*Stevenson. Board of Trade & Op- 
timist Club 387 



SNOHOMISH COUNTY 

Arlington, city Council 1,476 

Edmonds, Chamber of Commerce 1,114 

*Everett, Commercial Club 32,048 

Gold Bar, Commercial Club (700) 

Granite Falls, Commercial Club. 714 

Idnex, Fish & Game Club 417 

Marysville 1,239 

Monroe, Commercial Club 1,552 

tMukilteo, Commercial Club (700) 

Snohomish, Commercial Club... 5,000 

Stanwood. Commercial Club .... 544 

tStartup, Improvement Association (150) 

Sultan, Commercial Club 576 

THURSTON COUNTY 

Bucoda, Commercial Club (400) 

*01ympia, Chamber of Commerce. 10,000 

tRochester. Commercial Club (800) 

Tenino, Commercial Club 1,038 

Tumwater 490 

WAHKIAKUM COUNTY 

*Cathlamet, Commercial Club.... 352 

WHATCOM COUNTY 

♦Bellingham 29,937 

Chamber of Commerce. 
Kulshan Club. 

Blaine, Chamber of Commerce... 2,289 

fCuster, Industrial Club (150) 

tEverson, Commercial Club (400) 

Ferndale, Commercial Club 691 

Lynden. Commercial Club 1.148 

Nooksack, Commercial Club (450) 

Sumas. The International Club . . 902 




GRAZING ON WESTERN WASHINGTON LANDS. 



Issued by the Bureau of Statistics and Immigration of the State of Washington. 



lO 720° 11 



49° 



WASHINGTON 

SCALE 1 

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